According to the position and intensity changes of in-situ XRD diffraction peaks, the intermediates generated during the cycle can be inferred, and the reaction mechanism can be further derived from these intermediates.

In-situ XRD is one of the most popular and developed advanced characterization techniques for studying lithium-ion and sodium-ion battery systems in electrochemical processes.

Based on Bragg's Law, in-situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) can be used to monitor the change of phase and its lattice parameters in the electrode or electrode-electrolyte interface in real time during the charge-discharge cycle of a battery.