Material characterization technology is about the chemical composition of materials, internal structure, microstructure, crystal defects and material properties of the characterization methods, testing technology and related theoretical basis of the experimental science, is an important means and methods of modern material science research and material application.

Taking nano-powder materials as an example, the commonly used characterization techniques are shown in the figure below:

XRD stands for X-ray Diffraction(X-ray diffraction). It is a research method to obtain information such as the composition of the material, the structure or morphology of the atoms or molecules inside the material by X-ray diffraction and analysis of its diffraction pattern.