Characterization methods of copper monatomic catalysts are often used to determine their structure and properties, and the following are several common characterization methods:

Transmission electron microscopy: TEM can provide high-resolution images of the catalyst for observing the morphology and particle size distribution of the catalyst. For copper monoatomic catalysts, TEM can show the dispersion of individual copper atoms and the structure of the support.

X-ray absorption spectroscopy: XAS can provide information about the chemical state and coordination environment of copper atoms in the catalyst. By measuring the X-ray absorption spectra, such as the X-ray absorption near-side structure and the extended X-ray absorption fine structure, the oxidation state of copper atoms, the coordination number and the distance of the surrounding atoms can be determined.

X-ray diffraction: XRD can be used to determine the crystal structure of the copper atoms in the catalyst. However, for copper monoatomic catalysts, the crystal structure is often not obvious or there is no clear crystal diffraction peak, because copper atoms exist in a single form and do not form a clear crystal structure.